How Gambling Can Deepen Poverty — World Health Organization
WHO connects gambling losses to essential household spending, unequal exposure and harms to people who never place a bet.
Gambling-Research
Gambling Away Stability: Sports Betting's Impact on Vulnerable Households — Baker, Balthrop, Johnson, Kotter & Pisciotta
Household transaction data across 230,171 US households and 26 state legalizations: online sports betting cut net investment deposits by about 14%, and the damage concentrated in households already living below median savings.
Gambling Harms and Deprivation — Public Health England
England's evidence review finds the lowest participation but the highest levels of harmful gambling among the most disadvantaged groups.
State Lotteries and Consumer Behavior — Melissa Schettini Kearney
Lottery spending displaces other household consumption, with larger proportional reductions among low-income households.